{"product_id":"spain-p158a-1000-pesetas-1979-circulated-dragon-tree-spains-highest-mountain-copy","title":"Spain P163 1000 Pesetas 1992 Circulated—Cortés (Cortez)—Pizarro","description":"\u003cp\u003eTwo conquistadors, two fallen empires, and one banknote that puts a turning point in world history into your hands. Spain’s 1000 pesetas dated 1992 pairs \u003cstrong\u003eHernán Cortés\u003c\/strong\u003e with \u003cstrong\u003eFrancisco Pizarro\u003c\/strong\u003e, surrounding their portraits with maps, navigational instruments, and the architecture of Spain’s American empire.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch3\u003eFront\u003c\/h3\u003e\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003ePortrait:\u003c\/strong\u003e Hernán Cortés wearing a hat, facing forward.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eBackground:\u003c\/strong\u003e An Aztec-inspired design and a map of the Americas.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eNavigation:\u003c\/strong\u003e A compass rose to the left.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eInscriptions:\u003c\/strong\u003e “BANCO DE ESPAÑA,” “MIL PESETAS,” “HERNAN CORTES,” and “MADRID 12 DE OCTUBRE DE 1992.”\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eSignatures:\u003c\/strong\u003e Gov. Luis Ángel Rojo Duque; Controller Esteban Róspide Echeto; Cashier Jesús Urdiola Salvador.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eEngravers:\u003c\/strong\u003e Reinhold Gerstetter and Juan Carlos Heras.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\u003ch3\u003eBack\u003c\/h3\u003e\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003ePortrait:\u003c\/strong\u003e Francisco Pizarro wearing a helmet.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eMilitary imagery:\u003c\/strong\u003e A conquistador’s helmet and sword at the upper right.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eNavigation:\u003c\/strong\u003e A compass rose and an astrolabe, linking the design to the age of oceanic exploration.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eArchitecture:\u003c\/strong\u003e The Cathedral of Lima at the lower right.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eHeraldry:\u003c\/strong\u003e Spain’s coat of arms.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eInscriptions:\u003c\/strong\u003e “BANCO DE ESPAÑA,” “MIL PESETAS,” “FRANCISCO PIZARRO,” and the printer’s name.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eEngravers:\u003c\/strong\u003e Reinhold Gerstetter and Alfredo Adán.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\u003ch3\u003eOther Characteristics\u003c\/h3\u003e\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eVarieties:\u003c\/strong\u003e You may receive either regular issued-note subtype, P163(1) or P163(2). Subtype is based on differences in Cortés’s collar and jacket engraving: a light lower collar crease and finely hatched jacket for (1), or a dark lower collar crease and coarsely hatched jacket for (2).\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eCatalog numbers:\u003c\/strong\u003e Pick P163; Numista N#203228.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eWatermark:\u003c\/strong\u003e Head of Moctezuma.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eComposition:\u003c\/strong\u003e Paper.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eSize:\u003c\/strong\u003e 130 × 65 mm.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eIssuing entity:\u003c\/strong\u003e Banco de España.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003ePrinter:\u003c\/strong\u003e Fábrica Nacional de Moneda y Timbre, Spain.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eDemonetized:\u003c\/strong\u003e January 1, 2002.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eSignatures:\u003c\/strong\u003e Gov. Luis Ángel Rojo Duque; Controller Esteban Róspide Echeto; Cashier Jesús Urdiola Salvador.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eCurrency:\u003c\/strong\u003e Spanish peseta, Spain’s monetary unit from 1868 until the euro transition.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003ePrinted date:\u003c\/strong\u003e October 12, 1992.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003ePrinting techniques:\u003c\/strong\u003e Intaglio and lithography.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eCondition:\u003c\/strong\u003e Circulated.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\u003ch2\u003eCortés: the conquest that was never just a Spanish victory\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHernán Cortés\u003c\/strong\u003e, born in \u003cstrong\u003e1485\u003c\/strong\u003e, led the expedition that helped bring down the \u003cstrong\u003eAztec Empire\u003c\/strong\u003e. But the familiar image of a handful of Spaniards conquering an empire leaves out the people who made the campaign possible: large numbers of \u003cstrong\u003eIndigenous allies\u003c\/strong\u003e, including the Tlaxcalans, who had their own reasons to oppose Mexica power.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe fall of \u003cstrong\u003eTenochtitlan in 1521\u003c\/strong\u003e came through siege warfare, alliances, and devastating disease. It opened the way to Spanish colonial rule in central Mexico, but it was also a catastrophe for the conquered population. The note’s Aztec-inspired ornament and its watermark of \u003cstrong\u003eMoctezuma\u003c\/strong\u003e make an arresting contrast with the conquistador’s portrait: conqueror and Indigenous ruler occupy the same piece of paper.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003ePizarro: a ransom that could not buy freedom\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eOn the reverse, \u003cstrong\u003eFrancisco Pizarro\u003c\/strong\u003e represents Spain’s conquest of the \u003cstrong\u003eInca Empire\u003c\/strong\u003e. In \u003cstrong\u003e1532\u003c\/strong\u003e, his forces captured the Inca ruler \u003cstrong\u003eAtahualpa at Cajamarca\u003c\/strong\u003e. A vast ransom of gold and silver did not secure the captive ruler’s release; he was executed in \u003cstrong\u003e1533\u003c\/strong\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePizarro founded \u003cstrong\u003eLima in 1535\u003c\/strong\u003e, and the cathedral pictured on this banknote ties his portrait to the colonial city that became a center of Spanish power in South America. His own life ended violently: he was assassinated in \u003cstrong\u003e1541\u003c\/strong\u003e amid conflict between rival Spanish factions. This is not a tidy story of exploration, but one of conquest, wealth, resistance, and struggles for power.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eFive hundred years, and a complicated anniversary\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe printed date, \u003cstrong\u003eOctober 12, 1992\u003c\/strong\u003e, marks five centuries since Columbus’s arrival in the Americas. The design belongs to Spain’s \u003cstrong\u003equincentenary-era banknote series\u003c\/strong\u003e, with the map, compass roses, and astrolabe evoking the ocean crossings that reshaped the world.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFor collectors, its interest lies in that tension. Spain presented figures associated with imperial expansion on everyday currency, while the same history encompasses \u003cstrong\u003eIndigenous dispossession, forced labor, epidemic disease, and enduring resistance\u003c\/strong\u003e. The two portraits make this a particularly direct artifact of how a country chose to remember its past.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch3\u003eAbout Spain\u003c\/h3\u003e\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eOrigin of name:\u003c\/strong\u003e “Spain” comes from Latin \u003cem\u003eHispania\u003c\/em\u003e, the Roman name for the Iberian Peninsula; its earlier derivation remains debated.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eCapital:\u003c\/strong\u003e Madrid, roughly 3.3 million residents in the city and more than 6 million in the wider metropolitan area.\u003cul\u003e\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eOrigin of the capital’s name:\u003c\/strong\u003e Usually traced through medieval Arabic \u003cem\u003eMayrit\u003c\/em\u003e, associated with water or waterways; the deeper etymology is debated.\u003c\/li\u003e\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003ePopulation:\u003c\/strong\u003e Approximately 48 million in the mid-2020s, more than California.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eArea:\u003c\/strong\u003e Approximately 506,000 km² (195,000 mi²), a little smaller than Texas.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eEconomy:\u003c\/strong\u003e A high-income economy with major tourism, manufacturing, agricultural, and service industries.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eMain exports:\u003c\/strong\u003e Vehicles and parts, machinery, pharmaceuticals, food products, and beverages.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eBorders:\u003c\/strong\u003e Portugal, France, Andorra, and Gibraltar on the Iberian Peninsula; Spain’s North African enclaves also border Morocco.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eOfficial\/spoken languages:\u003c\/strong\u003e Spanish nationwide; Catalan\/Valencian, Galician, Basque, and Aranese have co-official status in their respective regions.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003ePeoples and identities:\u003c\/strong\u003e Castilian, Catalan, Galician, Basque, Andalusian, Canarian, and other regional identities, alongside Romani communities and communities of immigrant origin.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eMemberships:\u003c\/strong\u003e United Nations, joined 1955; NATO, joined 1982; European Communities, joined 1986, now the European Union;\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eSovereignty:\u003c\/strong\u003e Roman Hispania was followed by Visigothic rule, Muslim-ruled states, and expanding Christian kingdoms. The dynastic union of Castile and Aragon laid foundations for modern Spain and its overseas empire. The twentieth century brought civil war and Franco’s dictatorship, followed by the democratic transition and the 1978 constitution. This note is dated to the constitutional monarchy under Juan Carlos I.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\u003cp\u003eOwn this circulated piece of Spain’s final peseta era: \u003cstrong\u003etwo conquistadors, the instruments of oceanic navigation, and the echoes of two empires\u003c\/strong\u003e, brought together in a compact historical collectible.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"World Money Store","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":53089150370103,"sku":"ES163CIRC","price":2.63,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0969\/7165\/3431\/files\/ES163ocopy.png?v=1791067459","url":"https:\/\/worldmoneystore.com\/products\/spain-p158a-1000-pesetas-1979-circulated-dragon-tree-spains-highest-mountain-copy","provider":"World Money Store","version":"1.0","type":"link"}