{"product_id":"argentina-p-329-1000-australes-nd-1990-unc-ser-a-sig-redp-jgf-the-boy-president-copy","title":"Argentina P-329 1000 Australes 1988-1990 UNC—Ethnic Cleansing General","description":"\u003cp\u003eThe 1000 Australes is the highest denomination of Argentina's doomed hyperinflationary currency — a note that circulated as the economy collapsed around it, featuring one of Argentina's most consequential and controversial presidents on its face. Any variety, in UNC.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003ch3\u003eFront\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n  \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eColors:\u003c\/strong\u003e olive-green background; dark brown-green engraving; gold accents\u003c\/li\u003e\n  \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003ePortrait:\u003c\/strong\u003e \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Julio_Argentino_Roca\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eJulio A. Roca\u003c\/a\u003e — general, two-time president of Argentina (\u003cstrong\u003e1880–1886\u003c\/strong\u003e and \u003cstrong\u003e1898–1904\u003c\/strong\u003e), architect of the \u003cstrong\u003eConquest of the Desert\u003c\/strong\u003e (1878–1879), the ethnic cleansing of Patagonia's indigenous peoples that opened the south to European settlement\u003c\/li\u003e\n  \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eLettering:\u003c\/strong\u003e \u003cem\u003eBANCO CENTRAL DE LA REPUBLICA ARGENTINA \/ Mil Australes \/ Julio A. Roca\u003c\/em\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n  \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eSignatures:\u003c\/strong\u003e vary by variety — see Other Characteristics\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\n\u003ch3\u003eBack\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n  \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eColors:\u003c\/strong\u003e purple-violet background; olive-green engraving; gold accents\u003c\/li\u003e\n  \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eCentral vignette:\u003c\/strong\u003e Allegorical figure of Liberty (\u003cem\u003eProgreso\u003c\/em\u003e) — seated at left center, holding a torch and shield\u003c\/li\u003e\n  \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eLettering:\u003c\/strong\u003e \u003cem\u003eRepublica Argentina \/ Mil Australes\u003c\/em\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\n\u003ch3\u003eOther Characteristics\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n  \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eVarieties:\u003c\/strong\u003e you may receive any variety:\n    \u003cul\u003e\n      \u003cli\u003eVariety 1 — ND(1988–1989), ES\/JLM, Serie A, Watermark 7-A\u003c\/li\u003e\n      \u003cli\u003eVariety 2 — ND(1989), REDP\/JGF, Serie A, Watermark 7-B with optical rosette\u003c\/li\u003e\n      \u003cli\u003eVariety 3 — ND(1989), ES\/JLM, Serie B, Watermark 7-B\u003c\/li\u003e\n      \u003cli\u003eVariety 4.1 — ND(1990), REDP\/JGF, Serie B, Watermark 5-B\u003c\/li\u003e\n      \u003cli\u003eVariety 4.2 — ND(1989), REDP\/JGF, Serie B, Watermark 7-B\u003c\/li\u003e\n      \u003cli\u003eVariety 5 — ND(1990), AJDI\/JGF, Series B\/C, Watermark 5-B\u003c\/li\u003e\n    \u003c\/ul\u003e\n  \u003c\/li\u003e\n  \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eCatalog numbers:\u003c\/strong\u003e P-329; Bottero# 2853–2863; Numista N#203817\u003c\/li\u003e\n  \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eWatermark:\u003c\/strong\u003e Variety-dependent — Effigy of Liberty (7-A, 7-B) or Sun from the silver coin minted by the province of Córdoba in 1849 (5-B)\u003c\/li\u003e\n  \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eComposition:\u003c\/strong\u003e Paper\u003c\/li\u003e\n  \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eSize:\u003c\/strong\u003e 155 × 65 mm\u003c\/li\u003e\n  \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eIssuing entity:\u003c\/strong\u003e Central Bank of the Argentine Republic (\u003cem\u003eBanco Central de la República Argentina\u003c\/em\u003e)\u003c\/li\u003e\n  \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003ePrinter:\u003c\/strong\u003e Casa de Moneda, Argentina\u003c\/li\u003e\n  \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eDemonetized:\u003c\/strong\u003e \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Demonetization_(currency)\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eDemonetized\u003c\/a\u003e: 30 November 1992\u003c\/li\u003e\n  \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eSignatures:\u003c\/strong\u003e Elias Salama (ES), Gen. Manager; \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jos%C3%A9_Luis_Machinea\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eJosé Luis Machinea\u003c\/a\u003e (JLM), President; Rene E. De Paul (REDP), Gen. Manager; \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Javier_Gonz%C3%A1lez_Fraga\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eJavier González Fraga\u003c\/a\u003e (JGF), President; Alfredo J. Di Ioro (AJDI), Vice President\u003c\/li\u003e\n  \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eCurrency:\u003c\/strong\u003e \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Argentine_austral\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eArgentine Austral\u003c\/a\u003e (1985–1991)\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\n\u003ch2\u003eA Currency Born in Crisis\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe Austral was introduced on \u003cstrong\u003e15 June 1985\u003c\/strong\u003e under President Raúl Alfonsín as part of the \u003cstrong\u003ePlan Austral\u003c\/strong\u003e — a shock stabilization program designed to arrest inflation that had reached \u003cstrong\u003e688% annually\u003c\/strong\u003e. The new currency replaced the Peso Argentino at 1 Austral = 1,000 Pesos Argentinos. It worked — briefly. By 1989, inflation exceeded \u003cstrong\u003e3,000%\u003c\/strong\u003e, and the Austral was itself replaced by the Peso Convertible in 1992 at 10,000 Australes to 1 Peso. The 1000 Australes note, the highest denomination issued, is a physical record of that collapse.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003ch2\u003eRoca: The General Who Made Argentina Modern — and Committed Ethnic Cleansing\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eJulio Argentino Roca\u003c\/strong\u003e (\u003cstrong\u003e1843\u003c\/strong\u003e–\u003cstrong\u003e1914\u003c\/strong\u003e) was born in \u003cstrong\u003eTucumán\u003c\/strong\u003e and became the dominant political figure of Argentina's \u003cem\u003eGeneración del 80\u003c\/em\u003e. As army commander, he led the \u003cstrong\u003eConquest of the Desert\u003c\/strong\u003e — the ethnic cleansing of \u003cstrong\u003ePatagonia\u003c\/strong\u003e and the Pampas, in which Mapuche, Tehuelche, and other indigenous peoples were killed, displaced, and enslaved, opening millions of hectares to European settlement and cattle ranching. As president — twice — he oversaw Argentina's transformation into one of the world's leading agricultural exporters, built the national railway network, and secularized education and civil registration. His legacy is Argentina's most contested: nation-builder to some, war criminal to others. Argentina removed him from the 100 peso note in 2019. Placing him on the highest-denomination note of a collapsing currency adds a layer of historical irony that collectors don't miss.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003ch2\u003eLiberty Seated — Progreso\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe reverse allegory of \u003cstrong\u003eLiberty\u003c\/strong\u003e — rendered here as \u003cem\u003eProgreso\u003c\/em\u003e, Progress — is a classical motif running through Argentine currency history. Torch aloft, shield at her side, she embodies the republican ideals Argentina proclaimed and struggled to sustain. The irony of a \u003cem\u003eProgress\u003c\/em\u003e figure on a note issued during economic freefall is not lost on collectors.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003ch3\u003eAbout Argentina\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n  \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eOrigin of name:\u003c\/strong\u003e From Latin \u003cem\u003eargentum\u003c\/em\u003e (silver), referencing the silver-rich lands the Spanish hoped to find — and the \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eRío de la Plata\u003c\/a\u003e (River of Silver) basin\u003c\/li\u003e\n  \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eCapital:\u003c\/strong\u003e \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Buenos_Aires\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eBuenos Aires\u003c\/a\u003e — city pop. ~3.1 million; metro pop. ~15.5 million (UN 2023)\n    \u003cul\u003e\n      \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eOrigin of name:\u003c\/strong\u003e Spanish for \"fair winds\" (\u003cem\u003ebuenos aires\u003c\/em\u003e), from the full original name \u003cem\u003eCiudad de la Santísima Trinidad y Puerto de Santa María de los Buenos Aires\u003c\/em\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n    \u003c\/ul\u003e\n  \u003c\/li\u003e\n  \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003ePopulation:\u003c\/strong\u003e ~46 million (UN 2023) — roughly California and Texas combined\u003c\/li\u003e\n  \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eArea:\u003c\/strong\u003e 2,780,400 km² (1,073,518 mi²) — roughly the size of India, or the entire contiguous US east of the Mississippi plus Texas\u003c\/li\u003e\n  \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eGDP per capita (\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Purchasing_power_parity\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ePPP\u003c\/a\u003e):\u003c\/strong\u003e ~$27,000 (IMF 2023)\u003c\/li\u003e\n  \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eMain exports:\u003c\/strong\u003e Soybeans and soy products, corn, wheat, beef, lithium, petroleum\u003c\/li\u003e\n  \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eBorders:\u003c\/strong\u003e \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chile\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eChile\u003c\/a\u003e, \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bolivia\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eBolivia\u003c\/a\u003e, \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Paraguay\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eParaguay\u003c\/a\u003e, \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brazil\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eBrazil\u003c\/a\u003e, \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Uruguay\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eUruguay\u003c\/a\u003e; South Atlantic Ocean\u003c\/li\u003e\n  \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eOfficial\/spoken language:\u003c\/strong\u003e Spanish (~100%)\u003c\/li\u003e\n  \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eEthnicities:\u003c\/strong\u003e \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/European_Argentines\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eEuropean Argentines\u003c\/a\u003e (~97%, predominantly Italian and Spanish descent); \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Indigenous_peoples_in_Argentina\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eIndigenous peoples\u003c\/a\u003e (~3%)\u003c\/li\u003e\n  \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eMemberships:\u003c\/strong\u003e \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_Nations\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eUN\u003c\/a\u003e (founding member, 1945); \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/G20\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eG20\u003c\/a\u003e (founding member, 1999); \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mercosur\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eMercosur\u003c\/a\u003e (founding member, 1991); \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Organization_of_American_States\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eOAS\u003c\/a\u003e (founding member, 1948); \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/BRICS\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eBRICS\u003c\/a\u003e (invited 2023, declined 2024)\u003c\/li\u003e\n  \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eSovereignty:\u003c\/strong\u003e Declared independence from Spain 9 July 1816; Federal Republic established 1861\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\n\u003ch3\u003eArgentina Unfiltered\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n  \u003cli\u003eArgentina has defaulted on its sovereign debt \u003cstrong\u003enine times\u003c\/strong\u003e — more than any other country in history, including defaults in 2001 (the largest in history at the time, $100 billion) and 2020\u003c\/li\u003e\n  \u003cli\u003eIn 2023, annual inflation hit \u003cstrong\u003e211%\u003c\/strong\u003e — the highest in the world that year; the peso lost ~80% of its value in 12 months\u003c\/li\u003e\n  \u003cli\u003eArgentina was once the \u003cstrong\u003e10th richest country in the world\u003c\/strong\u003e by GDP per capita (circa 1913) — wealthier than France or Germany at the time\u003c\/li\u003e\n  \u003cli\u003eThe country has \u003cstrong\u003ethree time zones\u003c\/strong\u003e on paper but operates on one — clocks in Patagonia are effectively wrong by up to an hour\u003c\/li\u003e\n  \u003cli\u003eArgentina produces more \u003cstrong\u003epsychoanalysts per capita\u003c\/strong\u003e than any country on Earth; Buenos Aires has more therapists per resident than New York City\u003c\/li\u003e\n  \u003cli\u003eThe \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Patagonia\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ePatagonian steppe\u003c\/a\u003e is one of the least densely populated regions on Earth — vast stretches with fewer than 1 person per km²\u003c\/li\u003e\n  \u003cli\u003eArgentina is the world's \u003cstrong\u003ethird-largest lithium producer\u003c\/strong\u003e, sitting atop the \"Lithium Triangle\" with Chile and Bolivia\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eOwn this note and hold a tangible artifact of Argentina's most dramatic monetary experiment — the highest denomination of a currency that rose from crisis, briefly stabilized a nation, and collapsed under the weight of its own contradictions. P-329, any variety, in UNC: the top of the Austral series.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"World Money Store","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":52464825565495,"sku":"AR328bUNC","price":1.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0969\/7165\/3431\/files\/IMG-2907.jpg?v=1781354705","url":"https:\/\/worldmoneystore.com\/products\/argentina-p-329-1000-australes-nd-1990-unc-ser-a-sig-redp-jgf-the-boy-president-copy","provider":"World Money Store","version":"1.0","type":"link"}