{"title":"Israel Banknotes for Collectors for Sale","description":"\u003ch3 dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eZe'ev Jabotinsky\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eZe'ev Jabotinsky\u003c\/strong\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e(on the 1979 100 shekelim banknote, P-49)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003ein his \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003ebook\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003eIron Wall \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003esaid Zionism could proceed only behind an “iron wall” of force, and only after that, Zionists might grant civil rights and limited autonomy to Palestinians—under the control of a Jewish state, of course\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3 dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cb id=\"docs-internal-guid-e4a03908-7fff-f38d-0cfd-be70d45ae6b2\"\u003eDavid Ben-Gurion\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb id=\"docs-internal-guid-e4a03908-7fff-f38d-0cfd-be70d45ae6b2\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003eDavid Ben-Gurion \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/b\u003etranslated these ideas into a tactical strategy in the 1930’s—telling the outside world that partition would be useful, but in reality, planning territorial conquest, ethnic cleansing, and replacement of the original population with settlers. He oversaw the Haganah who had collected the \u003cspan\u003e“village files” which catalogued Palestinian villages and their \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003eaccess routes, p\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003erominent families, local elites, and r\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003eeligious leadership, (e.g. imams). \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003eThese wound up being operational tools to systematically target the villages to depopulate, which people (at a minimum) to exterminate in order to efficiently dismantle Palestinian social structure.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3 dir=\"ltr\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003eThe Fisherman: \"We've Always Been Here in This Land\"\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSeries II of the Israeli pound (lira), \"Walks of Life\" featured idealized figures—farmers, laborers, and notably fishermen. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003eThese images were not neutral. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003eThey constructed a visual narrative: \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003ea people organically tied to the land—working it, harvesting from it, living from it. A fisherman, in particular, signals permanence: coastal livelihood, generational continuity, rootedness—“we belong here, we have always belonged here.” \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003eThis contrasted remarkably with the reality of 1948: the new state was overwhelmingly composed of immigrants from Europe and the Middle East, many having arrived in the 1920s–1930s, alongside one-third to nearly half who had arrived in the three short years since the end of World War II and the Holocaust in 1945. The fishermen image, the permanence, the belonging was one piece of pure nation-building mythology, alongside invented \"folk songs\", the focus on (only) the Jewish history of Palestine, the choice of Hebrew instead of Yiddish or German. The effort was greatly successful and is easily recognizable as part of the Israeli identity today.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3 dir=\"ltr\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003eGreater Israel - promised by Yahweh in 1743 B.C.E.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe concept of \u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Greater_Israel\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eGreater Israel\u003c\/a\u003e \u003c\/strong\u003e— \u003cem\u003eEretz Yisrael HaShlema\u003c\/em\u003e — encompassing lands that some traditions claim that war and storm god \u003cstrong\u003eYahweh\u003c\/strong\u003e \u003cstrong\u003epromised to Israel in 1743 B.C.E.: \u003c\/strong\u003eall of historic Palestine including the West Bank and Gaza Strip, plus \u003cstrong\u003eSyria, Lebanon, Jordan, Kuwait, parts of Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Türkiye and Iraq\u003c\/strong\u003e - all to be ruled over by one socio-religious group only, regardless of who lives there now. It has been a fringe position for most of Israel's history, i.e. since 1948.  But as of 2026, \u003cstrong\u003eIsrael is bombing Hezbollah targets but also civilian infrastructure, housing and journalists in southern Lebanon\u003c\/strong\u003e, having ordered all residents south of the \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Litani_River\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eLitani River\u003c\/a\u003e to evacuate. More than a million people have been displaced. In March 2026, Israeli Finance Minister \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bezalel_Smotrich\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eBezalel Smotrich\u003c\/a\u003e \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/world\/middle-east\/israeli-minister-calls-annexation-southern-lebanon-2026-03-23\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"\u003estated publicly\u003c\/a\u003e: \u003cem\u003e“The new Israeli border must be the Litani.”\u003c\/em\u003e  Defence Minister Israel Katz had earlier warned Lebanon could face “loss of territory.” The \u003cem\u003eDrang\u003c\/em\u003e \u003cem\u003enach\u003c\/em\u003e a Greater Israel has picked up steam again, and Middle East civilians are once again feeling the consequences.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e","products":[{"product_id":"israel-p-46a-5-sheqalim","title":"Israel P-46a 50 sheqalim 1978-1980 UNC—David Ben-Gurion","description":"\u003ch3 data-start=\"385\" data-end=\"435\"\u003eDavid Ben-Gurion: leader of the ethnic cleansing of Palestine and first prime minister of Israel\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp data-start=\"436\" data-end=\"840\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-start=\"436\" data-end=\"456\"\u003eDavid Ben-Gurion\u003c\/strong\u003e (born \u003cmeta charset=\"UTF-8\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-start=\"297\" data-end=\"311\"\u003eDavid Grün, \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cstrong data-start=\"463\" data-end=\"478\"\u003e1886 \u003c\/strong\u003ein\u003cstrong data-start=\"463\" data-end=\"478\"\u003e \u003c\/strong\u003ePłońsk, \u003cstrong\u003eRussian Poland;\u003c\/strong\u003e died \u003cstrong data-start=\"493\" data-end=\"507\"\u003e1973\u003c\/strong\u003e) was the dominant political leader of the \u003cstrong\u003eYishuv \u003c\/strong\u003eand its chief paramilitary \u003cstrong\u003eHaganah\u003c\/strong\u003e and then \u003cstrong\u003eIsrael’s first prime minister.\u003c\/strong\u003e As head of the \u003cstrong\u003eJewish Agency\u003c\/strong\u003e leadership from the mid-1930s and, in 1948, prime minister and defense minister, he drove \u003cstrong\u003estate-building \u003c\/strong\u003eand oversaw the \u003cstrong\u003econsolidation of armed forces\u003c\/strong\u003e into what became the\u003cstrong\u003e IDF (Israeli Defense Forces).\u003c\/strong\u003e \u003cspan class=\"\" data-state=\"closed\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3 data-start=\"842\" data-end=\"933\"\u003eHaganah: why it’s not usually labeled “a terrorist organization”\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp data-start=\"934\" data-end=\"1628\"\u003eThe \u003cstrong data-start=\"938\" data-end=\"949\"\u003eHaganah\u003c\/strong\u003e is typically described as the \u003cstrong\u003eYishuv’s\u003c\/strong\u003e principal \u003cstrong data-start=\"999\" data-end=\"1023\"\u003eparamilitary\/defense\u003c\/strong\u003e organization under the British Mandate (1920-1948) and the core predecessor of the IDF, rather than as a “\u003cstrong\u003eterror group\u003c\/strong\u003e” in the way \u003cstrong data-start=\"1135\" data-end=\"1144\"\u003eIrgun\u003c\/strong\u003e and \u003cstrong data-start=\"1149\" data-end=\"1170\"\u003eLehi (Stern Gang)\u003c\/strong\u003e were widely labeled by the \u003cstrong\u003eUnited States government.\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp data-start=\"934\" data-end=\"1628\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"\" data-state=\"closed\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003eThat said, even mainstream references note Haganah’s involvement in \u003cstrong data-start=\"1354\" data-end=\"1388\"\u003eillegal immigration operations\u003c\/strong\u003e and \u003cstrong data-start=\"1393\" data-end=\"1412\"\u003eviolent actions\u003c\/strong\u003e during the British Mandate, and historians dispute how to classify specific operations—especially in 1948 when tactics included \u003cstrong\u003esieges, bombardment, and expulsions \u003c\/strong\u003ein some areas. \u003cspan class=\"\" data-state=\"closed\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3 data-start=\"1630\" data-end=\"1680\"\u003eBen Gurion's Plan Dalet for the ethnic cleansing of Palestine\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp data-start=\"1681\" data-end=\"1724\"\u003eWhat’s broadly supported across sources is:\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul data-start=\"1726\" data-end=\"2494\"\u003e\n\u003cli data-start=\"1726\" data-end=\"1987\"\u003e\n\u003cp data-start=\"1728\" data-end=\"1987\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-start=\"1728\" data-end=\"1751\"\u003ePlan Dalet (Plan D)\u003c\/strong\u003e was finalized \u003cstrong data-start=\"1766\" data-end=\"1783\"\u003e10 March 1948\u003c\/strong\u003e by the Haganah\/its staff planning apparatus and became a major operational framework for taking\/holding territory in the final months of the Mandate and early war. \u003cspan class=\"\" data-state=\"closed\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-start=\"1988\" data-end=\"2268\"\u003e\n\u003cp data-start=\"1990\" data-end=\"2268\"\u003eBen-Gurion is consistently described as the senior political figure who \u003cstrong data-start=\"2062\" data-end=\"2099\"\u003erequested\/pressed for such a plan\u003c\/strong\u003e and, in that period, functioned as the key authority over security policy—often summarized as “commanded by” in reference works. \u003cspan class=\"\" data-state=\"closed\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-start=\"2269\" data-end=\"2494\"\u003e\n\u003cp data-start=\"2271\" data-end=\"2494\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-start=\"2271\" data-end=\"2298\"\u003eAuthorship is contested\u003c\/strong\u003e: some accounts emphasize Haganah planners (e.g., Yigael Yadin\/General Staff); others (e.g., Pappé) stress a policy “consultancy” under Ben-Gurion’s guidance.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003ch3 data-end=\"329\" data-start=\"252\"\u003eHaganah forms of violence\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cul data-end=\"1204\" data-start=\"331\"\u003e\n\u003cli data-end=\"422\" data-start=\"331\"\u003e\n\u003cp data-end=\"422\" data-start=\"333\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-end=\"369\" data-start=\"333\"\u003eVillage bombardment and shelling\u003c\/strong\u003e (use of mortars\/artillery against inhabited areas)\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-end=\"490\" data-start=\"423\"\u003e\n\u003cp data-end=\"490\" data-start=\"425\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-end=\"442\" data-start=\"425\"\u003eUrban bombing\u003c\/strong\u003e (explosive attacks in towns and mixed cities)\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-end=\"567\" data-start=\"491\"\u003e\n\u003cp data-end=\"567\" data-start=\"493\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-end=\"513\" data-start=\"493\"\u003eHouse demolition\u003c\/strong\u003e (systematic destruction of homes to prevent return)\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-end=\"637\" data-start=\"568\"\u003e\n\u003cp data-end=\"637\" data-start=\"570\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-end=\"592\" data-start=\"570\"\u003eArson of dwellings\u003c\/strong\u003e (burning of villages or sections of towns)\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-end=\"720\" data-start=\"638\"\u003e\n\u003cp data-end=\"720\" data-start=\"640\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-end=\"683\" data-start=\"640\"\u003eForced expulsions \/ population transfer\u003c\/strong\u003e (driving civilian populations out)\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-end=\"796\" data-start=\"721\"\u003e\n\u003cp data-end=\"796\" data-start=\"723\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-end=\"756\" data-start=\"723\"\u003eSieges and starvation tactics\u003c\/strong\u003e (cutting off water, food, and access)\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-end=\"899\" data-start=\"797\"\u003e\n\u003cp data-end=\"899\" data-start=\"799\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-end=\"821\" data-start=\"799\"\u003eSummary executions\u003c\/strong\u003e (killing of detainees or civilians without trial, in some documented cases)\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-end=\"1026\" data-start=\"900\"\u003e\n\u003cp data-end=\"1026\" data-start=\"902\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-end=\"938\" data-start=\"902\"\u003ePsychological warfare operations\u003c\/strong\u003e (broadcast threats, intimidation campaigns, “whispering” operations to induce flight)\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-end=\"1130\" data-start=\"1027\"\u003e\n\u003cp data-end=\"1130\" data-start=\"1029\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-end=\"1072\" data-start=\"1029\"\u003eOccupation and depopulation of villages\u003c\/strong\u003e (military takeover followed by clearing of inhabitants)\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-end=\"1204\" data-start=\"1131\"\u003e\n\u003cp data-end=\"1204\" data-start=\"1133\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-end=\"1172\" data-start=\"1133\"\u003eMining and booby-trapping of houses\u003c\/strong\u003e (to render return impossible)\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cp data-end=\"1262\" data-start=\"1206\"\u003eIn legal-historical language, these are discussed under:\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul data-end=\"1458\" data-start=\"1264\"\u003e\n\u003cli data-end=\"1293\" data-start=\"1264\"\u003e\n\u003cp data-end=\"1293\" data-start=\"1266\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-end=\"1291\" data-start=\"1266\"\u003eCollective punishment\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-end=\"1338\" data-start=\"1294\"\u003e\n\u003cp data-end=\"1338\" data-start=\"1296\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-end=\"1336\" data-start=\"1296\"\u003eEthnic cleansing \/ forcible transfer\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-end=\"1375\" data-start=\"1339\"\u003e\n\u003cp data-end=\"1375\" data-start=\"1341\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-end=\"1373\" data-start=\"1341\"\u003eWar crimes against civilians\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-end=\"1458\" data-start=\"1376\"\u003e\n\u003cp data-end=\"1458\" data-start=\"1378\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-end=\"1458\" data-start=\"1378\"\u003eCrimes against humanity \u003c\/strong\u003e(in some scholarly and UN-framework interpretations)\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003ch3 data-start=\"2871\" data-end=\"2928\"\u003eWhat crimes against humanity did Ben-Gurion personally direct?\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cul data-start=\"3005\" data-end=\"4166\"\u003e\n\u003cli data-start=\"3005\" data-end=\"3574\"\u003e\n\u003cp data-start=\"3007\" data-end=\"3574\"\u003eBen-Gurion sat at the top of the chain for Yishuv\/Israeli security policy and attended operational discussions (e.g., around \u003cstrong data-start=\"3132\" data-end=\"3150\"\u003eOperation Dani\u003c\/strong\u003e). In the Lydda\/Ramle episode, sources describe a meeting with senior commanders during which expulsions were discussed; the written expulsion order is associated with IDF command channels (commonly linked to Rabin as signatory), and accounts note Ben-Gurion’s involvement in passing instructions up the chain—\u003cem data-start=\"3460\" data-end=\"3533\"\u003eincluding instructions that came after expulsions were already underway\u003c\/em\u003e. \u003cspan class=\"\" data-state=\"closed\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-start=\"3575\" data-end=\"4166\"\u003e\n\u003cp data-start=\"3577\" data-end=\"4166\"\u003eWhether that amounts to “personally directing crimes against humanity” depends on (a) \u003cstrong data-start=\"3663\" data-end=\"3687\"\u003eyour legal framework\u003c\/strong\u003e, and (b) which historian’s interpretation you treat as authoritative. You \u003cem data-start=\"3762\" data-end=\"3767\"\u003ecan\u003c\/em\u003e responsibly say he bore \u003cstrong data-start=\"3792\" data-end=\"3845\"\u003ecommand responsibility \/ political responsibility\u003c\/strong\u003e for a military system that produced mass displacement, and that Plan Dalet is viewed by many historians as central to that outcome; you \u003cem data-start=\"3982\" data-end=\"3990\"\u003ecannot\u003c\/em\u003e responsibly claim, without a specific documentary trail for each act, that he personally ordered every atrocity alleged in public memory. \u003cspan class=\"\" data-state=\"closed\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003ch3 data-start=\"4168\" data-end=\"4234\"\u003eWas ethnic cleansing justified and needed to establish Israel?\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp data-start=\"4235\" data-end=\"4917\"\u003eAfter the UN partition resolution (Nov 1947), Palestine slid into a rapidly escalating civil war with attacks and reprisals by multiple actors; that violence is real and well-documented. But \u003cstrong data-start=\"4426\" data-end=\"4437\"\u003eeven if\u003c\/strong\u003e you grant a security rationale for securing corridors\/positions, it does \u003cstrong data-start=\"4511\" data-end=\"4518\"\u003enot\u003c\/strong\u003e logically or legally justify \u003cstrong data-start=\"4548\" data-end=\"4572\"\u003ecollective expulsion\u003c\/strong\u003e of civilian populations or the destruction of communities—those are different categories of action. The historical dispute is precisely whether expulsions were:\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli data-start=\"4235\" data-end=\"4917\"\u003ean intended objective of Plan Dalet,\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-start=\"4235\" data-end=\"4917\"\u003ea contingent wartime practice that became widespread, or\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-start=\"4235\" data-end=\"4917\"\u003ea mix varying by district and commander\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ol\u003e","brand":"World Money Store","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":51551089656119,"sku":null,"price":3.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0969\/7165\/3431\/files\/46Ao.jpg?v=1768253696"},{"product_id":"israel-p-1-shekels-vf-vf-minus","title":"Israel P-30 1 Shekel  Fine to Very Fine","description":"\u003cp\u003eYou will receive a note in the design indicated in Fine to Very Fine condition. Design and color will be intact but may be somewhat faded compared to a new note. May have\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWear on the edges and\/or corners\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eFolds, 1–2 may be heavy\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMillimeter-sized missing pieces along edge (max. 2, max. 3 mm each)\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003ch3 dir=\"ltr\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003eThe Fisherman: an \"Invented Tradition\"\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSeries II of the Israeli pound (lira), \"Walks of Life\" featured idealized figures—farmers, laborers, and notably fishermen. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003eThese images were not neutral. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003eThey constructed a visual narrative: \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003ea people organically tied to the land—working it, harvesting from it, living from it. A fisherman, in particular, signals permanence: coastal livelihood, generational continuity, rootedness—“we belong here, we have always belonged here.” \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003eThis contrasted remarkably with the reality of 1948: the new state was overwhelmingly composed of immigrants from Europe, the Middle East, and North Africa. Many had arrived in the 1920s–1930s, while one-third to nearly half who had arrived in the three short years since the end of World War II (and the Holocaust) in 1945. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003eThe fishermen image, the permanence, the belonging was one piece of pure nation-building mythology, alongside:\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli dir=\"ltr\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eThe idea of the \"New Hebrew\" \u003c\/strong\u003e(the Sabra): muscular, tanned, secular, and agricultural\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli dir=\"ltr\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSecular \"folk songs\"\u003c\/strong\u003e newly composed, blending Russian, Yemenite and Bedouin motifs\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli dir=\"ltr\"\u003e\n\u003cb data-path-to-node=\"7,0,0\" data-index-in-node=\"0\" style=\"font-size: 0.875rem;\"\u003eReframing Masada\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 0.875rem;\"\u003e as \"heroic resistance\" rather than as mass suicide by a fringe sect, which it was\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli dir=\"ltr\"\u003e\n\u003cb data-path-to-node=\"7,1,0\" data-index-in-node=\"0\"\u003eArcheological excavation only of Jewish sites:\u003c\/b\u003e Emphasis was placed heavily on the First and Second Temple periods (Jewish sovereignty), while the \u003cstrong\u003e1,300 years of Islamic, Byzantine, and Crusader history \u003c\/strong\u003ewere often treated as rubble \u003cstrong\u003eto be cleared away\u003c\/strong\u003e to reach the \"true\" history underneath\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli dir=\"ltr\"\u003e\n\u003cspan\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eErasing (dehumanization) of the Palestinians, \u003c\/strong\u003eframing Palestine as having been a \u003cstrong\u003e\"land without a people\"\u003c\/strong\u003e that had been a desolate, empty swamp or desert until Jewish labor \"redeemed\" it through reforestation and agriculture (including, ironically the \u003cstrong\u003eJaffa orange,\u003c\/strong\u003e which had long been world-famous as a \u003cem\u003ePalestinian\u003c\/em\u003e export)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003csup class=\"superscript\" data-turn-source-index=\"4\"\u003e\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli dir=\"ltr\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eHebraization \u003c\/strong\u003eof people's names, the invention or reinvention of Hebrew names for places, and of course the spread of the Hebrew language itself, replacing settlers' native Yiddish, Arabic, etc.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe nation-building effort was greatly successful and forms the baseline of Israeli culture—apart from the \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Demographics_of_Israel\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\"\u003e~7 million Palestinians\u003c\/a\u003e (1.7 million citizens and 5.3 million under Israeli occupation).\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"World Money Store","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":51592076689719,"sku":"IL30F","price":2.5,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0969\/7165\/3431\/files\/35o_79bb6580-d139-4cbe-a464-81a635d1c5ff.jpg?v=1774973629"}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0969\/7165\/3431\/collections\/Israel.jpg?v=1767806361","url":"https:\/\/worldmoneystore.com\/collections\/israel.oembed","provider":"World Money Store","version":"1.0","type":"link"}